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2009年12月18日，國務院總理溫家寶在丹麥哥本哈根氣候變化會議領導人會議上發表了題為《凝聚共識 加強合作 推進應對氣候變化歷史進程》的重要講話。講話全文如下：

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凝聚共識　加強合作
推進應對氣候變化歷史進程
——在哥本哈根氣候變化會議領導人會議上的講話
中華人民共和國國務院總理　溫家寶
(2009年12月18日　哥本哈根)
Build Consensus and Strengthen Cooperation
To Advance the Historical Process of Combating Climate Change  
Address by H.E. Wen Jiabao
Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China
At the Copenhagen Climate Change Summit
Copenhagen, 18 December 2009

 拉斯穆森首相閣下，各位同事：

Prime Minister Rasmussen, Dear Colleagues,

此時此刻，全世界幾十億人都在注視著哥本哈根。我們在此表達的意愿和做出的承諾，應當有利于推動人類應對氣候變化的歷史進程。站在這個講壇上，我深感責任重大。

At this very moment, billions of people across the world are following closely what is happening here in Copenhagen. The will that we express and the commitments that we make here should help push forward mankind's historical process of combating climate change. Standing at this podium, I am deeply aware of the heavy responsibility.

氣候變化是當今全球面臨的重大挑戰。遏制氣候變暖，拯救地球家園，是全人類共同的使命，每個國家和民族，每個企業和個人，都應當責無旁貸地行動起來。

Climate change is a major global challenge. It is the common mission of the entire mankind to curb global warming and save our planet. It is incumbent upon all of us, each and every country, nation, enterprise and individual to act, and act now in response to this challenge.

近三十年來，中國現代化建設取得的成就已為世人矚目。在這里我還要告訴各位，中國在發展的進程中高度重視氣候變化問題，從中國人民和人類長遠發展的根本利益出發，為應對氣候變化做出了不懈努力和積極貢獻。

The past 30 years have seen remarkable progress in China's modernization drive. Let me share with you here that China has taken climate change very seriously in the course of its development. Bearing in mind the fundamental interests of the Chinese people and mankind's long-term development, we have exerted unremitting effort and made positive contribution to the fight against climate change.

——中國是最早制定實施《應對氣候變化國家方案》的發展中國家。先后制定和修訂了節約能源法、可再生能源法、循環經濟促進法、清潔生產促進法、森林法、草原法和民用建筑節能條例等一系列法律法規，把法律法規作為應對氣候變化的重要手段。

China was the first developing country to adopt and implement a National Climate Change Program. We have formulated or revised the Energy Conservation Law, Renewable Energy Law, Circular Economy Promotion Law, Clean Production Promotion Law, Forest Law, Grassland Law and Regulations on Civil Building Efficiency. Laws and regulations have been an important means for us to address climate change.

——中國是近年來節能減排力度最大的國家。我們不斷完善稅收制度，積極推進資源性產品價格改革，加快建立能夠充分反映市場供求關系、資源稀缺程度、環境損害成本的價格形成機制。全面實施十大重點節能工程和千家企業節能計劃，在工業、交通、建筑等重點領域開展節能行動。深入推進循環經濟試點，大力推廣節能環保汽車，實施節能產品惠民工程。推動淘汰高耗能、高污染的落后產能，2006至2008年共淘汰低能效的煉鐵產能6059萬噸、煉鋼產能4347萬噸、水泥產能1.4億噸、焦炭產能6445萬噸。截至今年上半年，中國單位國內生產總值能耗比2005年降低13%，相當于少排放8億噸二氧化碳。

China has made the most intensive efforts in energy conservation and pollution reduction in recent years. We have improved the taxation system and advanced the pricing reform. of resource products with a view to putting in place at an early date a pricing mechanism that is responsive to market supply and demand, resource scarcity level and the cost of environmental damage. We have introduced 10 major energy conservation projects and launched an energy conservation campaign involving 1,000 enterprises, bringing energy-saving action to industry, transportation, construction and other key sectors. We have implemented pilot projects on circular economy, promoted energy-saving and environment-friendly vehicles and supported the use of energy-saving products by ordinary households with government subsidies. We have worked hard to phase out backward production facilities that are energy intensive and heavily polluting. The inefficient production capacity that China eliminated between 2006and 2008 stood at 60.59 million tons for iron, 43.47 million tons of steel, 140 million tons for cement and 64.45 million tons for coke. By the end of the first half of this year, China's energy consumption per unit of GDP had dropped by 13 percent from the 2005 level, equivalent to reducing 800 million tons of carbon dioxide.

——中國是新能源和可再生能源增長速度最快的國家。我們在保護生態基礎上，有序發展水電，積極發展核電，鼓勵支持農村、邊遠地區和條件適宜地區大力發展生物質能、太陽能、地熱、風能等新型可再生能源。 2005年至2008年，可再生能源增長51%，年均增長14.7%。2008年可再生能源利用量達到2.5億噸標準煤。農村有3050萬戶用上沼氣，相當于少排放二氧化碳4900多萬噸。水電裝機容量、核電在建規模、太陽能熱水器集熱面積和光伏發電容量均居世界第一位。

-- China has enjoyed the fastest growth of new energy and renewable energy. On the basis of protecting the eco-environment, we have developed hydro power in an orderly way, actively developed nuclear power, and encouraged and supported the development of renewable energy including biomass, solar and geothermal energy and wind power in the countryside, remote areas and other places with the proper conditions. Between 2005 and 2008,renewable energy increased by 51 percent, representing an annual growth rate of 14.7 percent. In 2008, the use of renewable energy reached an equivalent of 250 million tons of standard coal. A total of 30.5 million rural households gained access to bio-gas, equivalent to a reduction of 49 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions. China ranked first in the world in terms of installed hydro power capacity, nuclear power capacity under construction, the coverage of solar water heating panels and photovoltaic power capacity.

——中國是世界人工造林面積最大的國家。我們持續大規模開展退耕還林和植樹造林，大力增加森林碳匯。2003至2008年，森林面積凈增2054萬公頃，森林蓄積量凈增11.23億立方米。目前人工造林面積達5400萬公頃，居世界第一。

-- China has the largest area of man-made forests in the world. We have continued with the large-scale endeavor to return to farmland to forest and expand a forestation, and made vigorous effort to increase forest carbon sink. Between 2003 and 2008, China's forest coverage registered a net increase of 20.54 million hectares and forest stock volume rose by 1.123 billion cubic meters. The total area of man-made forests in China has reached 45million hectares, the largest in the world.

中國有13億人口，人均國內生產總值剛剛超過 3000美元，按照聯合國標準，還有1.5億人生活在貧困線以下，發展經濟、改善民生的任務十分艱巨。我國正處于工業化、城鎮化快速發展的關鍵階段，能源結構以煤為主，降低排放存在特殊困難。但是，我們始終把應對氣候變化作為重要戰略任務。1990至2005年，單位國內生產總值二氧化碳排放強度下降 46%。在此基礎上，我們又提出，到2020年單位國內生產總值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%-45%，在如此長時間內這樣大規模降低二氧化碳排放，需要付出艱苦卓絕的努力。我們的減排目標將作為約束性指標納入國民經濟和社會發展的中長期規劃，保證承諾的執行受到法律和輿論的監督。我們將進一步完善國內統計、監測、考核辦法，改進減排信息的披露方式，增加透明度，積極開展國際交流、對話與合作。

China has a 1.3 billion population and its per capita GDP has only exceeded 3,000 U.S. dollars. According to the U.N. standards, we still have 150 million people living below the poverty line and we therefore face the arduous task of developing the economy and improving people's livelihood. China is now at an important stage of accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and, given the predominant role of coal in our energy mix, we are confronted with special difficulty in emission reduction. However, we have always regarded addressing climate change as an important strategic task. Between 1990 and 2005, China's carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP were reduced by 46 percent. Building on that, we have set the new target of cutting carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 40-45 percent by 2020 from the 2005 level. To reduce carbon dioxide emissions on such a large scale and over such an extended period of time will require tremendous efforts on our part. Our target will be incorporated into China's mid-and-long term plan for national economic and social development as a mandatory one to ensure that its implementation is subject to the supervision by the law and public opinions. We will further enhance the domestic-statistical, monitoring and evaluation methods, improve the way for releasing emission reduction information, increase transparency and actively engage in international exchange, dialogue and cooperation.

各位同事，

Dear Colleagues,　　

應對氣候變化需要國際社會堅定信心，凝聚共識，積極努力，加強合作。必須始終牢牢把握以下幾點：

To meet the climate challenge, the international community must strengthen confidence, build consensus, make vigorous effort and enhance cooperation. And we must always adhere to the following three principles:

第一，保持成果的一致性。

First, maintaining the consistency of outcomes:

應對氣候變化不是從零開始的，國際社會已經為之奮斗了幾十年�！堵摵蠂鴼夂蜃兓�框架公約》及其《京都議定書》是各國經過長期艱苦努力取得的成果，凝聚了各方的廣泛共識，是國際合作應對氣候變化的法律基礎和行動指南，必須倍加珍惜、鞏固發展。本次會議的成果必須堅持而不能模糊公約及其議定書的基本原則，必須遵循而不能偏離“巴厘路線圖”的授權，必須鎖定而不能否定業已達成的共識和談判取得的進展。

The campaign against climate change has not just started. In fact, the international community has been engaged in this endeavor for decades. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol are the outcomes of long and hard work by all countries. They reflect the broad consensus among all parties and serve as the legal basis and guide for international cooperation on climate change. And as such, they must be highly valued and further strengthened and developed. The outcome of this conference must stick to rather than obscure the basic principles enshrined in the Convention and the Protocol. It must follow rather than deviate from the mandate of the "Bali Roadmap". It should lock up rather than deny the consensus and progress already achieved in the negotiations.

第二，堅持規則的公平性。

Second, upholding the fairness of rules:

“共同但有區別的責任”原則是國際合作應對氣候變化的核心和基石，應當始終堅持。近代工業革命200年來，發達國家排放的二氧化碳占全球排放總量的80%。如果說二氧化碳排放是氣候變化的直接原因，誰該承擔主要責任就不言自明。無視歷史責任，無視人均排放和各國的發展水平，要求近幾十年才開始工業化、還有大量人口處于絕對貧困狀態的發展中國家承擔超出其應盡義務和能力范圍的減排目標，是毫無道理的。發達國家如今已經過上富裕生活，但仍維持著遠高于發展中國家的人均排放，且大多屬于消費型排放；相比之下，發展中國家的排放主要是生存排放和國際轉移排放。今天全球仍有24億人以煤炭、木炭、秸稈為主要燃料，有16億人沒有用上電。應對氣候變化必須在可持續發展的框架下統籌安排，決不能以延續發展中國家的貧窮和落后為代價。發達國家必須率先大幅量化減排并向發展中國家提供資金和技術支持，這是不可推卸的道義責任，也是必須履行的法律義務。發展中國家應根據本國國情，在發達國家資金和技術轉讓支持下，盡可能減緩溫室氣體排放，適應氣候變化。

The principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities "represents the core and bedrock of international cooperation on climate change and it must never be compromised. Developed countries account for 80 percent of the total global carbon dioxide emissions since the Industrial Revolution over 200 years ago. If we all agree that carbon dioxide emissions are the direct cause for climate change, then it is all too clear who should take the primary responsibility. Developing countries only started industrialization a few decades ago and many of their people still live in abject poverty today. It is totally unjustified to ask them to undertake emission reduction targets beyond their due obligations and capabilities in disregard of historical responsibilities, per capita emissions and different levels of development. Developed countries, which are already leading an affluent life, still maintain a level of per capita emissions that is far higher than that of developing countries, and most of their emissions are attributed to consumption. In comparison, emissions from developing countries are primarily survival emissions and international transfer emissions. Today, 2.4 billion people in the world still rely on coal, charcoal, and stalks as main fuels, and 1.6 billion people have no access to electricity. Action on climate change must be taken within the framework of sustainable development and should by no means compromise the efforts of developing countries to get rid of poverty and backwardness. Developed countries must take the lead in making deep quantified emission cuts and provide financial and technological support to developing countries. This is an unshirkable moral responsibility as well as a legal obligation that they must fulfill. Developing countries should, with the financial and technological support of developed countries, do what they can to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change in the light of their national conditions.

第三，注重目標的合理性。

And third, paying attention to the practicality of the targets:

中國有句成語：千里之行，始于足下。西方也有句諺語：羅馬不是一天建成的。應對氣候變化既要著眼長遠，更要立足當前�！毒┒甲h定書》明確規定了發達國家至2012年第一承諾期的減排指標。但從實際執行情況看，不少發達國家的排放不減反增。目前發達國家已經公布的中期減排目標與協議的要求和國際社會的期望仍有相當距離。確定一個長遠的努力方向是必要的，更重要的是把重點放在完成近期和中期減排目標上，放在兌現業已做出的承諾上，放在行動上。一打綱領不如一個行動，我們應該通過切實的行動，讓人們看到希望。

There is a Chinese proverb which goes, "A one-thousand-mile journey starts with the first step." Similarly, there is a saying in the West which reads, "Rome was not built in one day." In tackling climate change, we need to take a long-term perspective, but more importantly, we should focus on the present. The Kyoto Protocol has clearly set out the emission reduction targets for developed countries in the first commitment period by 2012. However, a review of implementation shows that the emissions from many developed countries have increased rather than decreased. And the mid-term reduction targets recently announced by developed countries fall considerably short of the requirements of the Convention and the expectations of the international community. Itis necessary to set a direction for our long-term efforts, but it is even more important to focus on achieving near-term and mid-term reduction targets, honoring the commitments already made and taking real action. One action is more useful than a dozen programs. We should give people hope by taking credible actions.

第四，確保機制的有效性。

Fourth, ensure the effectiveness of institutions and mechanisms:

應對氣候變化，貴在落實行動，重在機制保障。國際社會要在公約框架下做出切實有效的制度安排，促使發達國家兌現承諾，向發展中國家持續提供充足的資金支持，加快轉讓氣候友好技術，有效幫助發展中國家、特別是小島嶼國家、最不發達國家、內陸國家、非洲國家加強應對氣候變化的能力建設。

Concrete actions and institutional guarantee are essential to our effort on tackling climate change. The international community should make concrete and effective institutional arrangements under the Convention and urge developed countries to honor their commitments, provide sustained and sufficient financial support to developing countries, speed up the transfer of climate-friendly technologies and effectively help developing countries, especially small island states, least developed countries, landlocked countries and African countries, strengthen their capacity in combating climate change.

最后，我要強調的是，中國政府確定減緩溫室氣體排放的目標是中國根據國情采取的自主行動，是對中國人民和全人類負責的，不附加任何條件，不與任何國家的減排目標掛鉤。我們言必信、行必果，無論本次會議達成什么成果，都將堅定不移地為實現、甚至超過這個目標而努力。

I wish to conclude by underlining that it is with a sense of responsibility to the Chinese people and the whole mankind that the Chinese government has set the target for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This is a voluntary action China has taken in the light of its national circumstances. We have not attached any condition to the target, nor have we linked it to the target of any other country. We will honor our word with real action. Whatever outcome this conference may produce, we will be fully committed to achieving and even exceeding the target.

謝謝！

Thank you.