越來越多的教師開始在教學中運用課堂參與的方法來提高學生的積極性和主動性。課堂參與也給學生提供了表達觀點的機會，鍛煉了他們的思辨能力�？傊鼛砹撕芏嗪锰�。
Participation in the Classroom
Taking part in the classroom is not only accepted but also expected of students in many courses. Some professors base part of the final grade on the student’s taking part in orally①. Although there are formal lectures during which the student has a passive role (i.e. listening and taking notes), many courses are organized around classroom discussions, student questions, and informal lectures. In graduate seminars the professor has a “managing” role and the students make presentations and lead discussions. The students do the actual teaching in these seminars.
A professor’s teaching style is another factor that determines the degree and type of student participation. Some professors prefer to control discussion, while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. Many professors encourage students to question and challenge their ideas. Students who make opinions that are different from the professor’s point of view should be prepared to support their positions②.
In the teaching of science and mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes. However, new educational trends have emerged in the humanities and social sciences in the past two decades. Students in education, sociology, and psychology classes, for example, are often required to solve problems in groups, design projects, make presentations, and examine case studies. Since some college or university courses are “practical” rather than theoretical, they stress “doing” and participation.
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行文點評
文章第一段首先用not only...but also...句型點明作者的觀點：課堂參與對學生來說不僅是可以接受的，而且是他們所期望的。第二段介紹學生參與形式和程度的其他影響因素——教授的教學風格，接著作者用Some professors prefer to...while others prefer to...舉例說明了兩種不同的教學風格。最后一段介紹課堂參與在不同學科中的實施情況。
本文的一大特色是觀點和例證之間結合得很好。每一段的觀點都有一個具體的例子來有力地支持它。
好文妙譯
課堂參與
在許多課程中，教師們不僅接受了課堂參與的理念，他們也期望著學生們能參與進來。一些教授把學生課堂上做的口頭發言作為期末成績的一部分。盡管在一些正式的講座中，學生扮演一個被動的角色(他們聽講、做筆記)，但在許多課程中還是采用課堂討論、學生提問和非正式演講的形式。在研究生的討論課上，教授扮演著“管理”角色，而由學生們發言并展開討論。在這樣的討論課上，實際上是學生們也參與了教學。
一個教授的教學風格是決定學生參與形式和程度的另一個因素。一些教授喜歡主持支配討論，一些教授則喜歡引導學生自由討論。許多教授鼓勵學生對自己的觀點提出質疑。那些提出與教授相反意見的學生應該做好充分的準備來支持自己的論點。
在理科和數學的教學中，傳統的教學模式仍占主要地位，老師講課，學生記筆記。然而在過去20年中，在人文科學和社會科學的教學中出現了新的教學趨勢。例如，學教育學、社會學和心理學的學生常被要求通過小組討論來解決問題、設計項目、作演講、研究案例。由于一些大學的課程是應用型的，而非理論型的，他們所強調的是“動手”和參與。
詞匯斟酌
seminar n.(大學的)研究班，研討會
dominate vt.支配，統治，控制
sociology n.社會學
participation n.參加
佳句臨摹
�、佟咀⑨尅縯ake part (in sth.)參與，參加(某事物)
【臨摹】How many countries will be taking part in the World Cup?有多少國家要參加世界杯比賽？
②【注釋】make opinions 提出觀點
【臨摹】Most Americans think polls make their opinion worth something. 大多數美國人認為民意測驗使得他們的意見顯得有價值了。
思如泉涌
Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it. 知識是一座寶庫，而實踐是開啟這座寶庫的鑰匙。
Teach others by your example. 躬親示范。
A good example is the best sermon. 身教勝似言教。
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